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Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to have broad knowledge of many academic subjects than to specialize in one specific subject. Nowadays, in this era, the human knowledge increases drastically so that at the beginning of the current century, the process of doubling of knowledge was estimated to be every year, however; these days, we are unbelievably hearing that this rate has become close to every 12 hours. As a result, keeping up with this growth, the knowledge has become more and more specialized. Although there are still a many inclining toward the benefits of widened knowledge, I see more merits in specialization. In the following paragraphs, I will explain the reasons. To begin with, in the past tense, the scientists had a broaden expertise in a variety of fields. As an example, the Iranian philosopher, Ibn sina, had abundant books in math, philosophy, medicine, astronomy and cosmology. In other words, the science in the past was indistinct and unspecific. However, today, each academic field comprises of hundreds of substructures so that each orientation/major/field consists of innumerable information, which makes it impossible to handle even two subcategories simultaneously. The new technologies have made it feasible to research precisely in each area and explore profoundly, something that was previously inaccessible. Last but not least, the companies, in this day and age, have become competitive and only when you are expert in a specific area, do you have you the opportunity to be hired. Through the professional and specialized staff, the team can take over their rivals. Hence, the higher your expertise, the more likely you have a chance to be employed. Furthermore, when you have a precise ability, the company endeavors to keep you on the team; however, so many people can be hired as a non-specific member/generalist. Meanwhile, peculiar knowledge or ability in a certain field is more worthwhile than a common skill; therefore, you will obtain more a higher salary and profits. All in all, the 21th century is the specialization era. The knowledge are is dividing divided into specific disciplines and it is vital to narrow down what you want to do. Although by specialization you may have limited flexibility in your work, you can be master in a unique skill.

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Some people believe that unpaid community service should be a compulsory part of high school programs (for example working for a charity, improving the neighborhood or teaching sports to younger children). To what extent do you agree or disagree? Participating in some jobs while studying for students as a schools’ course sometimes has been argued. I disagree with this kind of unsalaried job for teenage students during their education. In my opinion, charity working should not be a mandatory course in secondary school. The students’ curriculum is full of many necessary courses such as Math, Literature, and Physics. Putting another timeconsuming course in the timeline can have deleterious effect on other courses. It may discourage some students who dislike working at that age and they may leave the school for good, while the main reason of education is teaching children some basic and scientific knowledge and prepare them to either pursue their education or step into a job. Therefore, with this information, I think that making them do a job unwillingly is not a rationally sensible decision. On the other hand, voluntary work when there is no obligation can be cited as one of the extremely effective ways to improve other aspects of life in motivated students. Those teenagers who are prone to pick a charity service to help the neighborhood or younger pupils can benefit from this choice. It will put a strong edge in their CV, and pave the way for getting a job after graduation or credit them to get an admission from a prestigious university. For instance, when students join an some optional work, they, compared to their counterparts in getting a job, are more experienced and can be one step ahead in the list because the experience has enhanced their skills. In conclusion, forcing students to do a job as a compulsory course as a school’s program, in my knowledge, can cause negative effect rather than any improvements, so I beg to differ.

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Many companies sponsor sports as a way of advertising themselves. Some people think this is good for the world of sport, while others think it is negative. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Advertisement Advertising as a lucrative business in many parts of the world, today has widely become popular in sports without which handsome salaries, large sports stadiums, and worldwide coverage of sports events were would not feasible. Though the merits of sponsorship in sports is are an undeniable fact, many a person strongly blames/criticize/condemn them it reasoning that this way of financing sports can lead to catastrophic consequences such as money laundry or an increase in the consumption of unhealthy products amongst children and young adults. Sponsorship in sports per se is a win-win deal for both the sponsors and people involved in sports. Tax forgiveness cut for those who sponsor sports clubs is an acceptable solution, encouraging companies to spend part of their income in sports so that sports clubs can pay their costs. Considering the short period of the professional life of a sportsperson many of which whom demand extraordinary salaries, and if a team does not have sponsors, it certainly cannot afford to paypaying such salaries. In addition to this, large companies have built sports complexes in many remote areas where many talented players such as Ostad Asadi from Iran national soccer team were discovered. Nonetheless, the myriads of benefits of sponsorship in sports has not uncovered completely in a short essay, the opponents claim that this way of spending monetary resources can pave the way for financial criminal activities. A case in point of this can be spending an extravagant amount of money for a simple sports center in a developing area to show how the sponsor is spending what it earned or another drawback can be overuse of unhealthy commodities such as chocolate or fuzzy beverages among children due to eye-catching advertisements which perhaps plays a pivotal role in gaining weight amongst sports fans who regularly watch sports matches. To cut a long story short, considering the merits and demerits of this important topic and its significant impact on societies in different areas, I can say that the benefits of sponsorship far outweighs its disadvantages if authorities monitor closely every detail of such spending and provide clear guidelines for both sponsors and sports clubs.

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In the past, shopping was a routine domestic task. Many people nowadays regard it as a hobby. To what extent do you think this is a positive trend? Once upon a time in our neighborhood people had to stay in lines for loaves of bread every day, but our attitude towards shopping has changed through the decades; shopping online has dominated the world's market because of many different factors. Additionally, people can easily purchase whatever they want in a matter of seconds thanks to the internet and credit cards. However, this trend has its own disadvantages. To begin with, compared to the past there are many benefits that come with shopping these days, such as a variety of products and saving time. For instance, individuals prefer to order their daily needs by a telephone order or online shopping rather than bother themselves to go out for grocery shopping. To expand further, this gives them the ability to dedicate their precious times doing something useful or enjoy themselves by being with their friends and families. Moreover, there are thousands of huge malls in almost any different districts of towns which offer various types of entertainment and products including foods, devices, clothes, and everything that might anyone might need. However, this convenience does not come without drawbacks. The problem is located somewhere around towns where many manufacturers are producing day and night to sell more and more. In other words, their profits are in enticing people to get drawn to shopping increasingly by advertisement. This aforementioned trend becomes a problem when people consume more than they need, and unfortunately this is what we witness these days, surveys have shown that many people purchase unnecessary things almost every day and most products consist of plastic which is non-recyclable and it can harms our nature. To sum up, although there are many benefits in today’s shopping shift, this trend has its own downsides and they are not minor.

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Providing children with social education is of great importance in the development of social aspects of their personalities. Many people believe that it is their families’ responsibility to teach them those while many others are of the view that school must be where they learn about those concepts which I subscribe to. The advocates of the former idea believe that as social education can commence at an early age at home by parents, the impacts on the children’s behavior would be more permanent than starting the instructions after 6 or 7, after their school attendance. In addition to that, as parents have lived with their son or daughter for years, they may be more familiar with their children, therefore, they can provide them with teaching strategies that suits the child’s personality or interests While in my opinion the trustworthy and practicality of such methods could be a matter of concern. On the other hand, the holders of the opinion that these kinds of trainings ought to happen at school argue that the key to building a well-mannered generation is in taking the issue seriously and acknowledging that it requires competency and experiences of some professionals. Being experienced at and having the knowledge of instructing the students with essential skills, the teachers can ensure better results as they have examined certain method’s methods’ effectiveness. The margin of error at school methods will undoubtedly be lower than that of families, as the experts’ several past experiences are taken into account. Consider a child’s offensive behavior toward others, being answered by mild but effective punishments at school and the lessons learnt by it, compared to the partial behavior the parents might show at home, which can be even detrimental to the child’s patterns of behavior. Alongside this, communities like schools can be smaller replicas of the real society which can be an appropriate place for the children topractice approaches toward different social situations which can equip them with valuable skills. Being instructed at Schools as against in families, which have limited members, children will be promised the chance of learning how to co-operate with others of wider backgrounds and becoming aware of the genuine meaning of having a contribution to a rather large society. In conclusion, although parents can play an impactful role in instructing their children to/into??? Appear(ing) as decent social members, I believe that schools must be more responsible owing to the experience and specialty of teachers and their imitation of an actual society.

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Students from disadvantaged families and rural areas are finding it difficult to get a university education. Some people believe that universities should help them. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Quite a few people believe that the cost of tertiary education for impoverished students should be covered by universities. In spite of the dispute against such aid, I maintain it brings major benefits for both universities and individuals as well as the community. First, universities may enjoy the healthy competition elevated by the presence of deprived learners as they are hungry for success. Having been raised in poverty, these children contented with various family, economic or social problems, which made them fully aware of the dire consequences of any educational failure. Only when an individual has experienced living hand to mouth, will he seize every single opportunity to meet that again. The spirit of rivalry therefore will be promoted since these new players will fight to win until their last gasp, for they view education as their last resort. Second, university aid may give students the chance to pursue their study thereby finding a better job. With higher education commonly regarded as the key to having a thriving career, individuals who find the cost astronomical will not get to aim high and is are obliged to be humble. Raised from the ashes below the poverty line, however strong the phoenix, it cannot soar if not given wings to fly. Finally, society can profit most when educational centers welcome those who live on the breadline. Besides the obvious advantages such as eradication of illiteracy, this can come as a merit to the entire community. Spending his lifetime in penury, a teenager who has have endured times of privation, now faces an obstacle which needs more than he possesses to surmount, and despite his will he has no choice to give up. The denial of assisting more impoverished students with keeping their heads above water and not suffocate will come back and haunt the whole community. According to statistics, children from disadvantaged families are more suitable susceptible to join street gangs and commit crime later in their life. Once ambitious teenagers, they are now adults who are no longer replete with hope and enthusiasm, but repressed anger and grief for what they have lost to their wealthier counterparts. Watching others living the life they wishfully dreamt every day, and the respect they sought from the early years of their lives, prompt them to wonder if it is truly worth it, to make either rational or irrational comparisons and pose questions about the equity and fairness. well-done! Salute to the opponents of government funding who ridiculed the idea of helping disadvantaged children! We have officially turned prospective assets to society into real liabilities. In conclusion, I strongly believe although some gained entry to elite universities, others need help. standing on the edge of the precipice, their fate is in the hands of universities and the government; whether to hold on to them or let them go. Save the hypocritical sympathy, the crocodile tears, and the shaky voice as what they need is a hand reaching out to them.

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Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People holding different views cannot achieve success as a team. Working as a team has always had its own challenges where which necessitatesd its every member’s alliance to overcome the obstacles. While some believe that being congruent and holding the same opinion is are a key for to having a successful team, I think that ideas should vary because it this brings more novelty, increases the group’s communicative skills and helps in times of crisis. Although the word “team” in people’s minds is equal to congruity, we now know that in order to maximize a group’s efficiency there should be even conflicting ideas. Novelty occurs when thoughts are varied and every member of the group has the opportunity to voice his/her opinion. The more the issue is discussed through different mindsets, the better hidden aspects of the subject are recognized, and the more creative ideas may flash through members’ heads. Besides, openness to criticism may at first seems challenging for individuals to be dealt with, but as individuals get more involved hearing each other’s discussion, while broadening their horizon, fresh thoughts may rise as a result. Therefore, by applying creative ideas the whole system would benefit in one way or another. Moreover, not only does the whole team fully exploit the advantages of holding various opinions in the group, but also each member’s communicative abilities will boost through heated discussions. Knowing how to listen to others’ counter arguments without devaluing their statement is the basic factor in every healthy communication. The more people learn to hold fruitful discussions, the more other members are encouraged to become involved into the group. Furthermore, in order to have an efficient outcome, it is vital for individuals to maximize their capacity of hearing their peers’ ideas, because as a consequence the whole group’s productivity will boost. Finally, although some might believe that there should be a total congruence between individuals, not all the members are always satisfied with the result. What is necessary is to have all the option in the mind, because as long as we live in a dynamic society, the probabilities are always about to happen. For example, imagine a group of business policy makers want to run a project that encourages/triggers economic growth. Not all the members are on the same page and one may think that the budget should be preserved for emergency issues. By with the pandemic hitting the pandemic, the latter suggestion would have been more sensible than the former one. Actually, a successful group necessitates the presence of various ideas, so that in times of crises, the other options are substituted immediately. As a result, by applying the necessary ideas, the repercussions will decrease dramatically. To sum up, holding various opinions is what makes a group successful. I suggest that every group leader should deliberately choose members having totally different mindsets, because in this way it is beneficial for the whole system, fosters productivity and prevents unwanted damages.

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[11:59, 28/08/2020] Nikan Kholghi: Cam11-test4: Many governments think that economic progress is their most important goal. Some people, however, think that other types of progress are equally important for a country. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. In today’s societies, the main target of every government is to be rich or in other words to grow in terms of economyic, nevertheless some accounts believe that development in economyics is not only subject to which governments should pay attention. In a democratic countries, progression in way of economyics would definitely end in people’s welfare, and consequently contributes to the growth in educational system, in abundant job opportunities, in a qualified medical system. It is an evident that all the focus of developed countries is to achieve economic progress as well as to be economically dependent. Due to the fact that economic growth provides more channels to invest in the country and these investments lead to new incentive motivating jobs for educated people. As a result, the profession opportunity for the youth population would raise rise so that the request for young educated people immigration will go up. For instance, Germany, considering its economic progress, is one of the countries, which is absorbing the educated youth. The second reason of the importance of economic development lays lies in the qualification of educational systems. In other words, rich countries are aware of effect of high level educational system for the future of the country. This government have the capability of investment on in the researching programs, educational facilities or any finance needs to improve the system. Furthermore, they can offer free entrance school for children in pre-college levels. The last but not least is the medical system, being free and accessible healthcare treatment system is one of difficulties usually people have involved. A country with financial welfare can be accountable for a high qualityqualified free medical system. For instance the Swedish health care system is mainly government-funded and universal for all citizens. To sum up, achieving economical goals in any government plan is a priority, due to the provision of job opportunities for the educated youth, qualified educational system and finally free and generalized health care system for all the people.